_Alexander_ is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Euripides, composed in verse around 415 BCE. The play is now lost, with its content reconstructed from approximately 178 fragments preserved in later quotations and on papyri. It dramatizes the early myth of Paris, also known as Alexander, the Trojan prince abandoned at birth due to a prophecy that he would bring about the destruction of Troy. Raised in obscurity as a shepherd, Paris later returns to the royal palace unrecognized. A central episode involves his victory in a bull-slaying contest, an event that demonstrates his inherent nobility despite his rustic upbringing. The plot culminates in a recognition scene where his true identity is revealed to his mother, Hecuba.
The play was originally performed in Athens as the first part of a connected trilogy, followed by _Palamedes_ and the renowned _Trojan Women_. Produced during the Peloponnesian War, this trilogy is often interpreted by modern scholars as a commentary on contemporary Athenian politics and the profound sufferings of war. The tragedy explores the tension between inescapable fate and human ignorance, as the Trojan royal family unknowingly confronts the son destined to ruin them. It also examines the contrast between innate nobility and humble nurture, a theme of significant interest in fifth-century Athenian intellectual life. The surviving fragments, including a portion of a messenger speech describing the athletic contest found on Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3650, provide the primary evidence for the play’s structure and themes.
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| unknown | χρῆν· τοῦτο δ’ εἰπεῖν ῥᾶιον ἢ φέρειν κακά. . . . |
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| unknown | ἐηνῶ γ’ ὅτι βρ[έφος –– |
| unknown | τλήμων γε Πρίαμος κ[αὶ ––– |
| unknown | ὡς ἴσμεν οἱ παθόντες ο[ ––– |
| 5 | παλαιὰ και νοῖ ς δακρ ύοις οὐ χρὴ στένειν. |
| unknown | ξ]είνων τις, ἡ τεκοῦσ[α δ’ οὐ λέγει τάδε. |
| unknown | ὁ πα]ῖς μέν, ὥς φασι, ὤλετ[ ––– |
| unknown | .. μα]κάριον τἄρα οὐκ ἐστὶ τοῖ’ ἐμο[ὶ –– |
| 10 | ..... τερ]πνὰς πρὸς κακ[ ––– |
| unknown | καὶ μὴν δέ]δορκα παῖδα Κν ἀδύτων ὧπε[ . . . |
| unknown | 7 |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 9* |
| 1 | ἀλλ’ ὦ φίλιπποι Τρῶες ––– |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 11* |
| unknown | 13 |
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| unknown | 16 |
| 1 | ειτας ριους θλιωκραν μνος λλοις ἔριν |
| 5 | ωτωσοδηις λάτρις ––– ]νδε πωκοῖς ὄχοις ντατηους θανεῖν –– ]ον τετίμηας τέκνων σελαυαι γένος |
| 10 | –– ]ρ οἵπερ ἵσταναι ποντήνδ’ ἀφαγνίζεις χθόνα –– κα]ὶ ἐπικηδείους πόνους ––– ]ων ἤδη πόλιν ––– ]ονωι σπουδὴ λάβηι |
| 15 | –– ]υδενωνεμων πόλιν ––– ἀνάσ]τασίν τε γῆς ––– ]πορσοις κακῶν ῶι τεθηκότι καλὸν τόδε |
| 20 | ναι γονάς |
| unknown | καμην es fehlen vv. 19 . . . |
| 40 | σ[ λ[ οσ[ ογ[ ξ[ |
| 45 | προ[ κορ[ μα[ τοσ[ κελ[ |
| unknown | 16 (50) |
| unknown | επειν[ |
| 55 | καιπ[ |
| unknown | τατε[ |
| unknown | 18 |
| 1 | .......... ]τεσουδοις νσυ[ |
| unknown | τύχηι δμι πά[ντα |
| 5 | κρείσσω〈ν〉 πεφυκὼς [ |
| unknown | ἦ καὶ στέφουσιν αὐτὸ[ν ––– |
| unknown | καί φασιν εἶναί γ’ ἄξιον [–– |
| unknown | ὃ δ’ ὧδε μορφῆι διαφερ[––– |
| unknown | ἅπαντα ὅς’ ἄνδρα χρὴ [––– |
| 10 | ......... ]γαν βουκ[ολ ––– |
| unknown | .. ] δ . δ[ |
| unknown | ἀγῶνα ποῦ κ[ρίνουσι; ––– |
| unknown | Πρίαμος τίθησιν [ |
| unknown | εἰς τόνδε νικητ[ήρι’ ––– |
| 15 | ἱερὸς ταιδ[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 23 |
| 1 | ο[ |
| unknown | ἀλλ’ εἰσορῶ γὰρ] Ἕκτορα ἐξ ἀγωνίωχθων σύγγονόν τε παῖδε σώ, ζέουσι δ’] εἴς θ’ ἅμιλλαν ἥκουσιν λόγων. |
| 5 | ....... οὐ]δέν’, ὅστις ἐστὶ δυσχερής, ἁλοὺς δὲ τοῖ]ς κακοῖσι μαλθάσσει φρένας. |
| unknown | ἐγὼ δέ γ’ ὅσ]τις μικρὰ ἔχων ἐγκλήματα δεινὸν νο]μίζει καὶ συνέστηκεν φόβω[ι. |
| unknown | πῶς γάρ, κα]σίγνηθ’ Ἕκτορ, οὐκ ἀλγεῖς φρένα[ς |
| 10 | δούλου παρ’] ἀνδρὸς ἆθλα ἀπεστερημέν[ος; |
| unknown | λίαν ἀθυ]μεῖς, Δηίφοβε. τί γάρ με δεῖ μισεῖν νιν; οὐ γὰρ] καιρὸς ὠδίνειν φας. |
| unknown | –– ]ι ῥαιδίως φέρεις τάδε. –– Φρ]υξὶν ἐμφανὴς ἔσει. |
| 15 | ––– ]ς νέομ φῦσαι μεύλεται δ’ οὐ σωφρ[ον – |
| unknown | ––– ] νεοζευ〈κτ〉οια〈θ〉έστηκεγ εγω γὰρ οὐ χο[ – |
| 20 | ι πρόσθεν απησο[ . . . |
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| unknown | ἔχοντες, ἀλλὰ τῆι τύχηι κεκτημένοι. |
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| 1 | περισσόμυθος ὁ λόγος εὐγένειαν εἰ βρότειον εὐλογήσομεν. τὸ γὰρ πάλαι καὶ πρῶτον ὅτ’ ἐγενόμεθα διὰ δ’ ἔκρινεν ἁ τεκοῦσα γᾶ |
| 5 | βροτούς, ὁμοίαν χθὼν ἅπασιν ἐξεπαί‐ δευσεν ὄψιν· ἴδιον οὐδὲν ἔσχομεν, μία δὲ γονὰ τό τ’ εὐγενὲς 〈πέφυκε〉 καὶ τὸ δυσγενές, νόμωι δὲ γαῦρον αὐτὸ κραίνει χρόνος. |
| 10 | τὸ φρόνιμον εὐγένεια καὶ τὸ συνετόν, ὁ 〈δὲ〉 θεὸς δίδωσιν, οὐχ ὁ πλοῦτος (–) – |
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| unknown | 43 |
| 5 | –––– ]ων νέων |
| unknown | φοι θα μονας σην |
| 10 | ––––– ]νυν (es fehlen vv. 18?) |
| unknown | μόλς [ |
| 30? | πάρεργον[ |
| 31? | νῦν οὖν ἐμοὶ σο[ |
| 32? | καὶ τοὺς λάθραι λε[ –––– |
| 33? | δούλης γυναικὸς [ –––– |
| 34? | μὴ νῦν ἔτ’ εἶσιν Τ[ρωϊκῶν τειχέων ἔσω; |
| 35? | ἀλλὐκ, ἰώ μοι, δ[υνατόν ἐστ’ ἰδεῖν τόδε, |
| 36 | κεῖνον μὲν ὄντα ὃς ἔστι θαυμάζειν Φρύγας, Πριάμου δὲ νικῶνθ’ ὡς γεραίρεσθαι δόμους. |
| unknown | πῶς οὖν ὀλει ταῦτά γ’ ὥστ’ ἔχειν καλῶς; |
| unknown | ο ...... ιδε χειρὶ δεῖ θανεῖν. |
| 40 | οὐ μὴν ἄτρωτός γ’ ἐστὶν εἰς Ἅιδου δόμους. |
| unknown | ποῦ νῦν εἴη καλλίνικα ἔχων στέφη; |
| unknown | πᾶν ἄστυ πληροῖ Τρωικὸν γαυρούμενος. |
| unknown | ....... ] δεῦρο, εἰς βόλον γὰρ ἂν πέσοι |
| unknown | μηπώποτ’ ἐπ]ίδηις γ’ ὅτατεῖ τῶν σῶν τέκνων. |
| 45 | ................ ἁ]μμάτων ἔσω ιν σε βούλομαι τὶ δοῦλος, ἀλλ’ ὅμως πιλι δ’ ἐμοῖς |
| unknown | λαν φόνον |
| unknown | 43 (50) |
| 58 | ι ν |
| 60 | . . . |
| 64 | τέκνα |
| 65 | . . . |
| 71 | δούλους ῥ[ |
| unknown | μεταβολ[ὰ νικωμ .. [ σιν παρ’ ἀεθ[λ |
| 75 | οἶκον ἐξο[ |
| unknown | δέσποιν’, ὁ[ τί δ’ ἐς πόλ[ιν φύλλοις ν[ |
| unknown | ποῦ γ’ οἱ γ[ |
| 80 | Ἑκάβη φραφες [ |
| 85 | ειλλτεύθεροι μὲν πάνλοι δ’ ἂν ἤσκουν [ συντοι ἐκείνων ατ[ |
| unknown | πρν δ’ ἀπῆσαν μν[ |
| 90 | ἀρῖν ἑκαστ ....... [ |
| unknown | απαηλουν ὑπὲρ τον αὔξων οὔτ[ε πρὸς κέρδος βλέπων πρόθυμα ἔπρασσε δοῦλος ὢν ἀπον[ – |
| 95 | ψυχῆς μαυτοῦ μὴ καταρω κεῖνον· εἰ γάρ ἐ[στ’ ἀνήρ κράτιστος, [ |
| unknown | 43 (100) |
| unknown | οὗτος μὲν ἀεί, τέκν[ον, ––– Δηίφοβε, καὶ τἆλλ’ οὐ θ[––– ῥέξεις δ’ ἃ λυπούμεσθα [––– |
| 105 | κτανόντες ἄνδρα δοῦ[λον ––– |
| unknown | 44 |
| unknown | 45* |
| unknown | θέλων γενέσθαι ταῦτ’ ἐβούλευσεν πατήρ. |
| unknown | 46 |
| 1 | αιμοτον ὃς ἐν οιεἴ που ἔτι ζώπρὶμ μὲγ γ[ |
| 5 | νε[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 47 |
| 1 | ]ασιν ]πολιν ]νυσδε[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 48 |
| 1 | .. ]λιλκἀκεῖνο ὅ φαάλιν μ[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 49 |
| 1 | γάμωι νιν εἰκατσ[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 50 |
| 1 | του δοοτου[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 51 |
| 1 | ]ντο[ |
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| 1 | λυιυδειν αὐτεσ[ |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 53 |
| 1 | ]νοις |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 54 |
| 1 | ]ηματα ] |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 55 |
| 1 | ]οικηυνδσανλιπαρ[ |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 56 |
| 1 | ] .. εισοσορωυε[ |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 57 |
| 1 | ] . τριν ν σ [ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 58 |
| 1 | χοναιφρον ς ἄλλο |
| 5 | λαι νασιν ι |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 60 |
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| 5 | φίλος ὢν ἐμὸς λεγέσθω. τί μάταν βροτοὶ δὲ πολλ π έπασθε, πλούτωι δὲ δοκεῖτ’ ἀρετὰν κατε ργάσεσθαι. τί δ’ εἴ τιν’ Αἴτνας πάγον |
| 10 | Πίαν τε πέτραν χρυσήλατον ἐν θαλάμοις ἔχοιτε πασάμενοι πατρώοις, οὔτοι τ γε μὴ πεφυ[κός . . . |
| 14 | ἐν ἐσθλοῖς δὲ καθήσεσθ’ ἄνολβοι |
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| unknown | 68 |
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