Arrian was a Greek historian, philosopher, and Roman official of the 2nd century CE. Born around 86 CE in Nicomedia, he came from a provincial elite family and received a thorough education. He is most famous for being a devoted student of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus. He recorded his teacher's lectures in the Discourses of Epictetus and compiled a summary of core principles in the Enchiridion, or Handbook. These works are the primary source for Epictetus's philosophy and became foundational texts for Stoicism.

Alongside his philosophical work, Arrian had a successful career in the Roman imperial administration, serving as a consul and later as the governor and military commander of Cappadocia. As an author, he wrote on diverse subjects. His most important historical work is the Anabasis of Alexander, which is considered the most reliable ancient account of Alexander the Great's campaigns. He also wrote other surviving works, including a survey of the Black Sea coast, the Periplus, and a treatise on hunting, the Cynegeticus. Many of his other historical works, such as his histories of the period after Alexander and of the Parthian Wars, are now lost.

Arrian's significance is twofold. He preserved Stoic ethical philosophy for later generations, and he provided a major historical narrative modeled on classical Greek historians like Xenophon. His life and writings exemplify the integration of Greek intellectual culture and Roman political service during the peak of the Roman Empire.