eul_wid: ayq-ac
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20335421 PDFMarkdown

Testimonies by Seven Sages of Greece

The Testimonies of the Seven Sages of Greece constitute a collection of pithy, ethical pronouncements attributed to a legendary group of early Greek statesmen and thinkers from the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. The canonical membership of this group varied across ancient sources, but it traditionally included such renowned figures as Thales of Miletus, Solon of Athens, and Pittacus of Mytilene, who were celebrated less as systematic philosophers than as practical lawmakers and counselors. Their aphorisms, which include the famous Delphic maxims "Know thyself" and "Nothing in excess," provide concise guidance on moderation, self-awareness, and prudent statecraft.

The work is not a unified text authored by the sages themselves but a later compilation of sayings that originated in an oral tradition. No original manuscript of their collected wisdom exists; the testimonies are preserved entirely through quotations and discussions in the works of later authors. The most significant source is Diogenes Laertius's Lives of Eminent Philosophers from the third century CE, which records both the sayings and the considerable ancient debate surrounding the sages' identities and the authenticity of their attributed wisdom. These testimonies form a foundational element of early Greek ethical thought, representing a Panhellenic tradition of practical wisdom that exerted a profound influence on later philosophical development, notably on the moral inquiries of Socrates and Plato. The form and limited extent of the collection as known today are entirely dependent on these later anthologies and selective quotations.

Λαέρτιος Διογένης περὶ δὴ τῶν ἑπτὰ — ἄξιον γὰρ ἐνταῦθα καθολικῶς κἀκείνων ἐπιμνησθῆναι — λόγοι φέρονται τοιοῦτοι. Δάμων ὁ Κυρηναῖος γεγραφὼς Περὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων πᾶσιν ἐγκαλεῖ, μάλιστα δὲ τοῖς ἑπτά. Ἀναξιμένης δέ φησι πάντας ἐπιθέσθαι ποιητικῆι· ὁ δὲ Δικαίαρχος οὔτε σοφοὺς οὔτε φιλοσόφους φησὶν αὐτοὺς γεγονέναι, συνετοὺς δέ τινας καὶ νομοθετικούς. Ἀρχέτιμος δὲ ὁ Συρακούσιος ὁμιλίαν αὐτῶν ἀναγέγραφε παρὰ Κυψέλωι, ἧι καὶ αὐτός φησι παρατυχεῖν· Ἔφορος δὲ παρὰ Κροίσωι πλὴν Θαλοῦ. φασὶ δέ τινες καὶ ἐν Πανιωνίωι καὶ ἐν Κορίνθωι καὶ ἐν Δελφοῖς συνελθεῖν αὐτούς. διαφωνοῦνται δὲ καὶ αἱ ἀποφάσεις αὐτῶν καὶ ἄλλου ἄλλο φασίν, ὡς ἐκεῖνο·

ἦν Λακεδαιμόνιος Χίλων σοφός, ὃς τάδʼ ἔλεξε·

«μηδὲν ἄγαν· καιρῶι πάντα πρόσεστι καλά».

στασιάζεται δὲ καὶ περὶ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ αὐτῶν. Λεάνδριος μὲν γὰρ ἀντὶ Κλεοβούλου καὶ Μύσωνος Λεώφαντον Γοργιάδα Λεβέδιον ἢ Ἐφέσιον ἐγκρίνει καὶ Ἐπιμενίδην τὸν Κρῆτα· Πλάτων δὲ ἐν Πρωταγόραι Μύσωνα ἀντὶ Περιάνδρου· Ἔφορος δὲ ἀντὶ Μύσωνος Ἀνάχαρσιν· οἱ δὲ καὶ Πυθαγόραν προσγράφουσιν. Δικαίαρχος δὲ τέσσαρας ὡμολογημένους ἡμῖν παραδίδωσιν Θαλῆν, Βίαντα, Πιττακόν, Σόλωνα. ἄλλους δὲ ὀνομάζει ἕξ, ὧν ἐκλέξασθαι τρεῖς, Ἀριστόδημον, Πάμφυλον, Χίλωνα Λακεδαιμόνιον, Κλεόβουλον, Ἀνάχαρσιν, Περίανδρον. ἔνιοι προστιθέασιν Ἀκουσίλαον Κάβα ἢ Σκάβρα Ἀργεῖον. Ἕρμιππος δʼ ἐν τῶι Περὶ τῶν σοφῶν ἑπτακαίδεκά φησιν, ὧν τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἄλλους ἄλλως αἱρεῖσθαι· εἶναι δὲ Σόλωνα, Θαλῆν, Πιττακόν, Βίαντα, Χίλωνα, Μύσωνα, Κλεόβουλον, Περίανδρον, Ἀνάχαρσιν, Ἀκουσίλαον, Ἐπιμενίδην, Λεώφαντον, Φερεκύδην, Ἀριστόδημον, Πυθαγόραν, Λᾶσον Χαρμαντίδου ἢ Σισυμβρίνου, ἢ ὡς Ἀριστόξενος, Χαβρίνου, Ἑρμιονέα, Ἀναξαγόραν. Ἱππόβοτος δὲ ἐν τῆι τῶν Φιλοσόφων ἀναγραφῆι· Ὀρφέα, Λίνον, Σόλωνα, Περίανδρον, Ἀνάχαρσιν, Κλεόβουλον, Μύσωνα, Θαλῆν, Βίαντα, Πιττακόν, Ἐπίχαρμον, Πυθαγόραν.

Πλάτων τούτων τῶν φιλοσόφως λακωνιζόντων ἦν καὶ Θαλῆς ὁ Μιλήσιος καὶ Πιττακὸς ὁ Μυτιληναῖος καὶ Βίας ὁ Πριηνεὺς καὶ Σόλων ὁ ἡμέτερος καὶ Κλεόβουλος ὁ Λίνδιος καὶ Μύσων ὁ Χηνεύς, καὶ ἕβδομος ἐν τούτοις ἐλέγετο Λακεδαιμόνιος Χίλων· οὗτοι πάντες ζηλωταὶ καὶ ἐρασταὶ καὶ μαθηταὶ ἦσαν τῆς Λακεδαιμονίων πολιτείας· καὶ καταμάθοι ἄν τις αὐτῶν τὴν σοφίαν τοιαύτην οὖσαν, ῥήματα βραχέα ἀξιομνημόνευτα ἑκάστωι εἰρημένα. οὗτοι καὶ κοινῆι ξυνελθόντες ἀπαρχὴν τῆς σοφίας ἀνέθεσαν τῶι Ἀπόλλωνι εἰς τὸν νεὼν τὸν ἐν Δελφοῖς, γράψαντες ταῦτα, ἃ δὴ πάντες ὑμνοῦσι, Γνῶθι σαυτόν καὶ Μηδὲν ἄγαν. τοῦ δὴ ἕνεκα ταῦτα λέγω; ὅτι οὗτος ὁ τρόπος ἦν τῶν παλαιῶν τῆς φιλοσοφίας, βραχυλογία τις Λακωνική. καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῦ Πιττακοῦ ἰδίαι περιεφέρετο τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα ἐγκωμιαζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν σοφῶν τὸ Χαλεπὸν ἐσθλὸν ἔμμεναι. σχεδὸν γάρ τι ἔγωγε αὐτὸ τοῦτό φημι εἶναι σωφροσύνην τὸ γιγνώσκειν ἑαυτὸν καὶ συμφέρομαι τῶι ἐν Δελφοῖς ἀναθέντι τὸ τοιοῦτον γράμμα ... τὸ γὰρ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν καὶ τὸ Σωφρόνει ἐστὶ μὲν ταὐτὸν ὡς τὰ γράμματά φησιν καὶ ἐγώ, τάχα δʼ ἄν τις οἰηθείη ἄλλο εἶναι· ὃ δή μοι δοκοῦσιν παθεῖν καὶ οἱ τὰ ὕστερον γράμματα ἀναθέντες τό τε Μηδὲν ἄγαν καὶ τὸ Ἐγγύη πάρα δʼ ἄτη. καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι ξυμβουλὴν ὠιήθησαν εἶναι τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτόν, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῶν εἰσιόντων ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πρόσρησιν· εἶθʼ ἵνα δὴ καὶ σφεῖς μηδὲν ἧττον συμβουλὰς χρησίμους ἀναθεῖεν, ταῦτα γράψαντες ἀνέθεσαν.

Ἰωάννης ὁ Στοβαῖος Δημητρίου Φαληρέως Τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν ἀποφθέγματα.