eul_wid: oqa-aa
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20335421 PDFMarkdown

Hephaestion Fragments by Hephaestion of Alexandria

The Hephaestion Fragments, also known as the Apospasmata, consist of excerpts from the Encheiridion, a comprehensive handbook on Greek poetic metre authored by the grammarian Hephaestion of Alexandria in the 2nd century CE. Written in Koine Greek, the original treatise provides a systematic definition and classification of metrical forms, illustrating its principles with examples drawn from earlier Greek lyric and dramatic poetry. The passages that constitute these fragments are considered key sections selected from the larger manual for pedagogical use. Hephaestion worked during the period known as the Second Sophistic, a time of revived scholarly interest in classical Greek culture within the Roman Empire. His handbook served an explicit educational purpose for advanced students and scholars, offering a standardized reference for the analysis and composition of poetry. The work belongs to the enduring tradition of Alexandrian grammatical study. The Encheiridion itself survives almost completely through medieval manuscripts and Byzantine commentaries. The designation "Fragments" does not imply a fragmentary original text but rather denotes a curated compilation drawn from the complete work. Hephaestion's treatise became the definitive textbook on Greek metre for subsequent centuries, maintaining its authoritative influence throughout the Byzantine era and into the foundation of modern classical philology.

ῥυθμὸς ..., ὡς δὲ Ἀριστόξενος καὶ Ἡφαιστίων φασί, χρόνων τάξις. χρόνος δέ ἐστι μόριον ποδὸς ἢ φωνῆς μέτρον ἐλάχιστον ἢ μέτρον τι κινήσεως, καὶ ὥσπερ ἐκ χειρῶν τυχὸν καὶ ποδῶν μερῶν ὄντων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁ ἄνθρωπος συνίσταται, ὅς ἐστιν εἶδος, οὕτως ἐκ συνθήκης καὶ ἀναπαύσεως γίνεται ὁ ῥυθμός, ἐκ μερῶν ὄντων ἐκείνων, αὐτὸς ὥσπερ εἶδος ὤν.

ἐν τῷ περὶ μέτρων φησὶν ὁ Ἡφαιστίων ὅτι συγγένεια γίνεται μέτρου πρὸς μέτρον τριχῶς, κατὰ ἀφαίρεσιν, κατὰ πρόσθεσιν, κατὰ μετάθεσιν· οἷον ἐὰν ἀφέλῃς τοῦ μῆνιν ἄειδε θεά τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν, ποιεῖς ἀντὶ δακτυλικοῦ μέτρου ἀναπαιστικόν· οὕτως οὖν καὶ τὸ ἰωνικὸν ἀπὸ μείζονος συγγενές ἐστι τῷ τροχαϊκῷ κατὰ μετάθεσιν· τοῦ γὰρ ἰωνικοῦ ἀπὸ μείζονος ἐκ μακρῶν δύο καὶ δύο βραχειῶν ὄντος, ἔξεστι μεταθεῖναι καὶ ποιῆσαι διτρόχαιον ἐκ μακρᾶς καὶ βραχείας καὶ μακρᾶς καὶ βραχείας. ἰωνικοὶ δὲ καλοῦνται, ἐπειδὴ Ἰώνων εἰσὶν εὕρημα· μαλακὸν τὸ μέτρον καὶ τρυφερώτατον, ᾧ καὶ Σωτάδης ἐχρήσατο, ὥς φησιν Λογγῖνος.

ἰστέον ὅτι Ἡφαιστίων φυσικὰ μέτρα γενικὰ βούλεται εἶναι ἐννέα· δακτυλικόν, ἀναπαιστικόν, ἰαμβικόν, τροχαϊκόν, ἀντισπαστικόν, χοριαμβικόν, ἰωνικὸν ἀπὸ μείζονος, ἰωνικὸν ἀπʼ ἐλάττονος, κρητικόν· τὰ δὲ παρὰ ταῦτα καλεῖ ἀσυνάρτητα καὶ συγκεχυμένα.

ὁ τροχαῖος τροχαλὸν ποιεῖ τὸν λόγον, διὸ τροχαῖος καλεῖται ὁ τῶν τρεχόντων ῥυθμός, ὥς φησιν Λογγῖνος ὁ φιλολόγος, ὅθεν καὶ ἴαμβος καλεῖται ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰαμβίζειν, ὅ ἐστι λοιδορεῖν· τοῦτο δὲ ποιοῦσιν οἱ κωμικοὶ οἱ τῷ ἰάμβῳ χρησάμενοι. — ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ οἱ τρέχοντες καὶ ὑβρίζοντες σπουδῇ τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν, οὐ δεῖ ἐν σεμνότητι χρῆσθαι τούτοις τροχαίῳ καὶ τῷ συγγενεῖ αὐτῷ ἰωνικῷ οὐδὲ ἰαμβικῷ ἐπιπολύ.

δεῖ οὖν ἄνευ προσθήκης καὶ ἀφαιρέσεως μεθαρμόσαι τὰ ἔπη οὕτως· ὡς ὁ πρόσθʼ ἵππων τανυσθεὶς κεῖτο καὶ δίφρου· ὁ δὲ δεύτερος κατὰ μὲν Λογγῖνόν ἐστι χοριαμβικός.