eul_wid: hik-aa
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20335421 PDFMarkdown

Testimonies by Nausiphanes of Teos

The Testimonies is a lost philosophical work by Nausiphanes of Teos, a thinker of the late 4th century BCE. No direct fragments of the text survive; our knowledge of it derives entirely from later, often hostile, reports. The title suggests it was a collection of authoritative doctrines or proofs. Diogenes Laertius records that Epicurus, who was a pupil of Nausiphanes, vehemently denied this influence, deriding his teacher with insults and insisting he was self-taught. This aggressive rejection implies the work represented a significant rival authority requiring refutation.

Based on testimonia concerning Nausiphanes’ broader philosophy, the Testimonies likely addressed core tenets of the Democritean atomist tradition, from which Epicurean physics later developed. It also probably integrated rhetorical practice with philosophical inquiry, reflecting Nausiphanes' reputed skill in argument. His thought was further shaped by the skepticism of Pyrrho, another of his teachers, suggesting the work may have engaged with empirical and skeptical approaches to knowledge. The ethical goal of tranquility, a state of being undisturbed later central to Epicureanism, was also a concern of Nausiphanes and likely featured in the text. The work is known only by its title, transmitted almost exclusively through the critical lens of Epicurean sources preserved in Diogenes Laertius’s biographical compendium. Nausiphanes and his Testimonies thus serve as a minor but notable foil in the pre-history of Epicureanism, representing a potential conduit for Democritean and Pyrrhonian thought that the Epicurean school felt compelled to publicly disavow.

Λαέρτιος Διογένης Δημόκριτος οὗ πολλοὶ μέν, ἐπʼ ὀνόματος δὲ Ναυσιφάνης καὶ Ναυκύδης, ὧν Ἐπίκουρος.

καταληφθεὶς δέ ποτε καὶ αὑτῶι λαλῶν καὶ ἐρωτηθεὶς τὴν αἰτίαν ἔφη μελετᾶν χρηστὸς εἶναι. ἔν τε ταῖς ζητήσεσιν ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς κατεφρονεῖτο διὰ τὸ καὶ διεξοδικῶς λέγειν καὶ πρὸς ἐρώτησιν· ὅθεν καὶ Ναυσιφάνην ἤδη νεανίσκον ὄντα θηραθῆναι. ἔφασκε γοῦν γίνεσθαι δεῖν τῆς μὲν διαθέσεως τῆς Πυρρωνείου, τῶν δὲ λόγων τῶν ἑαυτοῦ. ἔλεγέ τε πολλάκις καὶ Ἐπίκουρον θαυμάζοντα τὴν Πύρρωνος ἀναστροφὴν συνεχὲς αὐτοῦ πυνθάνεσθαι περὶ αὐτοῦ

διήκουσε τοῦ Πύρρωνος ... ἔτι τε Ναυσιφάνης ὁ Τήιος, οὗ φασί τινες ἀκοῦσαι Ἐπίκουρον.

Σοῦδα Ἐπίκουρος ... ἀκούσας δὲ Ναυσιφάνους τοῦ Δημοκριτείου καὶ Παμφίλου τοῦ Πλάτωνος μαθητοῦ ...

Λαέρτιος Διογένης Ἀρίστων δέ φησιν ἐν τῶι Ἐπικούρου βίωι τὸν Κανόνα γράψαι αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ Ναυσιφάνους Τρίποδος, οὗ καὶ ἀκοῦσαί φησιν αὐτός, ἀλλὰ καὶ Παμφίλου τοῦ Πλατωνικοῦ ἐν Σάμωι. ἄρξασθαί τε φιλοσοφεῖν ἐτῶν ὑπάρχοντα δυοκαίδεκα.

Σέξτος ὁ ἐμπειρικός διὰ τὴν πρὸς Ναυσιφάνην τὸν Πύρρωνος ἀκουστὴν ἔχθραν· πολλοὺς γὰρ τῶν νέων συνεῖχε καὶ τῶν μαθημάτων σπουδαίως ἐπεμελεῖτο, μάλιστα δὲ ῥητορικῆς. γενόμενος οὖν τούτου μαθητὴς ὁ Ἐπίκουρος ὑπὲρ τοῦ δοκεῖν αὐτοδίδακτος εἶναι καὶ αὐτοφυὴς φιλόσοφος ἠρνεῖτο ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου, τήν τε περὶ αὐτοῦ φήμην ἐξαλείφειν ἔσπευδε, πολύς τε ἐγίνετο τῶν μαθημάτων κατήγορος ἐν οἷς ἐκεῖνος ἐσεμνύνετο. φησὶ γοῦν ἐν τῆι Πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Μυτιλήνηι φίλους ἐπιστολῆι «οἶμαι δὲ ἔγωγε τοὺς βαρυστόνους καὶ μαθητήν με δοξάζειν τοῦ πλεύμονος εἶναι μετὰ μειρακίων τινῶν κραιπαλώντων ἀκούσαντα», νῦν «πλεύμονα» καλῶν τὸν Ναυσιφάνην ὡς ἀναίσθητον· καὶ πάλιν προβὰς πολλά τε κατειπὼν τἀνδρὸς ὑπεμφαίνει τὴν ἐν τοῖς μαθήμασιν αὐτοῦ προκοπὴν λέγων «καὶ γὰρ πονηρὸς ἅνθρωπος ἦν καὶ ἐπιτετηδευκὼς τοιαῦτα, ἐξ ὧν οὐ δυνατὸν εἰς σοφίαν ἐλθεῖν», αἰνισσόμενος τὰ μαθήματα. — «αὐτοῦ ταῖς ἡμεροκωμίαις ἐν Τέωι συσχόμενος πρὸ τοῦ σοφιστεῦσαι, τοῦ τʼ Ἀναξαγόρου ἀναγινώσκοντος καὶ Ἐμπεδοκλέους καὶ περὶ ταῦτα τερθρευομένου κατατεταμένως» ἢ πάλιν «ὁ τοὺς Ἑρμοκοπίδας ἐν Τέωι συστήσας κατὰ Δημόκριτον καὶ Λεύκιππον πραγματευομένου ἀκουσομένους».

Λαέρτιος Διογένης τοῦτον Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν Χρονικοῖς Ναυσιφάνους ἀκοῦσαί φησι καὶ Πραξιφάνους· αὐτὸς δὲ οὔ φησιν, ἀλλʼ ἑαυτοῦ ἐν τῆι Πρὸς Εὐρύλοχον ἐπιστολῆι.

καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἑπτὰ καὶ τριάκοντα βίβλοις ταῖς Περὶ φύσεως τὰ πλεῖστα ταὐτὰ λέγειν καὶ ἀντιγράφειν ἐν αὐταῖς ἄλλοις τε καὶ Ναυσιφάνει τὰ πλεῖστα, καὶ αὐτῆι λέξει φάσκειν οὕτως «ἀλλʼ ἴτωσαν … εἶχε γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ὠδίνων τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος καύχησιν τὴν σοφιστικήν, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλοι πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνδραπόδων». καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν Ἐπίκουρον ἐν ταῖς Ἐπιστολαῖς περὶ Ναυσιφάνους λέγειν· «ταῦτα ἤγαγεν αὐτὸν εἰς ἔκστασιν τοιαύτην, ὥστε μοι λοιδορεῖσθαι καὶ ἀποκαλεῖν διδάσκαλον». «πλεύμονά» τε αὐτὸν ἐκάλει καὶ «ἀγράμματον» καὶ «ἀπατεῶνα» καὶ «πόρνην».