Euripides Alexander in Greek
_Alexander_ is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Euripides, composed in verse around 415 BCE. The play is now lost, with its content reconstructed from approximately 178 fragments preserved in later quotations and on papyri. It dramatizes the early myth of Paris, also known as Alexander, the Trojan prince abandoned at birth due to a prophecy that he would bring about the destruction of Troy. Raised in obscurity as a shepherd, Paris later returns to the royal palace unrecognized. A central episode involves his victory in a bull-slaying contest, an event that demonstrates his inherent nobility despite his rustic upbringing. The plot culminates in a recognition scene where his true identity is revealed to his mother, Hecuba.
The play was originally performed in Athens as the first part of a connected trilogy, followed by _Palamedes_ and the renowned _Trojan Women_. Produced during the Peloponnesian War, this trilogy is often interpreted by modern scholars as a commentary on contemporary Athenian politics and the profound sufferings of war. The tragedy explores the tension between inescapable fate and human ignorance, as the Trojan royal family unknowingly confronts the son destined to ruin them. It also examines the contrast between innate nobility and humble nurture, a theme of significant interest in fifth-century Athenian intellectual life. The surviving fragments, including a portion of a messenger speech describing the athletic contest found on Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3650, provide the primary evidence for the play’s structure and themes.
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| unknown | χρῆν· τοῦτο δ’ εἰπεῖν ῥᾶιον ἢ φέρειν κακά. . . . |
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| unknown | ⸏ ἐη̣νῶ γ’ ὅτι βρ[έφος ×–⏑– |
| unknown | ⸏ τλήμων γε Πρίαμος κ̣[αὶ ⏑–×–⏑– |
| unknown | ⸏ ὡς ἴσμεν οἱ παθόντες ο̣[ –×–⏑– |
| 5 | παλαιὰ και ⸤ νοῖ ⸥ ς δακρ ⸤ ύοις οὐ χρὴ στένειν. |
| unknown | ξ]ε̣ί̣ν̣ων τις, ἡ τεκοῦσ[α δ’ οὐ λέγει τάδε. |
| unknown | ὁ πα]ῖ̣ς̣ μέν, ὥς φασι, ὤλετ[ –×–⏑– |
| unknown | .. μα]κάριον τἄρα οὐκ ἐστὶ τοῖ’ ἐμο[ὶ ×–⏑– |
| 10 | ..... τερ]πνὰς πρὸς κακ[ –×–⏑– |
| unknown | καὶ μὴν δέ]δορκα παῖδα Κν ἀδύτων ὧπ̣ε[ . . . |
| unknown | 7 |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 9* |
| 1 | ἀλλ’ ὦ φίλιπποι Τρῶες –×–⏑– |
| unknown | . . . |
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| unknown | 16 |
| 1 | ει̣τας ριο̣υ̣ς θλιωκραν μ̣νο̣ς λ̣λοις ἔριν |
| 5 | ω̣τω̣σ̣ο̣δ̣ηις λάτρις ×–⏑–×– ]νδε πωκοῖς ὄχοις ντατηους θανεῖν ×–⏑–× ]ον̣ τετίμηας τέκνω̣ν σ̣ελα̣υαι γένος |
| 10 | ×–⏑–× ]ρ̣ οἵπερ ἵστανα̣ι ποντ̣ήνδ’ ἀφαγνίζεις χθόνα ×–⏑–× κα]ὶ̣ ἐπικηδείους πόνους ×–⏑–×–⏑ ]ων ἤδη πόλιν ×–⏑–×– ]ονωι σπουδὴ λάβηι |
| 15 | ×–⏑–× ]υ̣δε̣ν̣ωνεμων πόλιν ×–⏑–×– ἀνάσ]τασίν τε γῆς ×–⏑–×–⏑ ]πορσ̣οις κακῶν ῶι τεθηκότι καλὸ̣ν τόδε |
| 20 | ν̣αι γονάς |
| unknown | καμην es fehlen vv. 19 . . . |
| 40 | σ[ λ[ ⸏ οσ[ ογ̣[ ξ̣[ |
| 45 | προ̣[ κορ̣[ μα[ τ̣οσ̣[ κελ̣[ |
| unknown | 16 (50) |
| unknown | επειν̣[ |
| 55 | καιπ[ |
| unknown | τατε[ |
| unknown | 18 |
| 1 | .......... ]τ̣εσο̣υδοι̣ς̣ νσυ̣[ |
| unknown | ⸏ τ̣ύχηι δμ̣ι πά[ντα |
| 5 | ⸏ κρείσσω〈ν〉 πεφυκὼς [ |
| unknown | ⸏ ἦ καὶ στέφουσιν αὐτὸ[ν –×–⏑– |
| unknown | ⸏ καί φασιν εἶνα̣ί̣ γ’ ἄξιον [×–⏑– |
| unknown | ⸏ ὃ δ’ ὧδε μορφῆι διαφερ[–×–⏑– |
| unknown | ἅ̣πα̣ντα̣ ὅς’ ἄνδρα χρὴ [⏑–×–⏑– |
| 10 | ......... ]γαν βουκ[ολ –×–⏑– |
| unknown | .. ] δ . δ̣[ |
| unknown | ἀγῶνα ποῦ κ[ρίνουσι; –×–⏑– |
| unknown | ⸏ Π̣ρίαμος τίθη̣σ̣ιν [ |
| unknown | ⸏ εἰς τόνδε νικητ[ήρι’ –×–⏑– |
| 15 | ἱ̣ε̣ρ̣ὸ̣ς τ̣αιδ[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 23 |
| 1 | ο̣[ |
| unknown | ἀλλ’ εἰσορῶ γὰρ] Ἕκτορα ἐξ ἀγωνίωχθων σύγγονόν τε παῖδε σώ, ζέουσι δ’] εἴς θ’ ἅμιλλαν ἥκουσιν λόγων. |
| 5 | ....... οὐ]δ̣έν’, ὅστις ἐστὶ δυσχερής, ἁλοὺς δὲ τοῖ]ς̣ κακοῖσι μαλθάσσει φρένας̣. |
| unknown | ἐγὼ δέ γ’ ὅσ]τις μικρὰ ἔχων ἐγκλήματα δεινὸν νο]μίζει καὶ συνέστηκεν φόβω[ι. |
| unknown | πῶς γάρ, κα]σίγνηθ’ Ἕκτορ, οὐκ ἀλγεῖς φρέ̣να̣[ς |
| 10 | δούλου παρ’] ἀ̣νδρὸς ἆθλα ἀπεστερημέν[ος; |
| unknown | λίαν ἀθυ]μ̣εῖς, Δηίφοβε. τί γάρ με δεῖ μισεῖν νιν; οὐ γὰρ] καιρὸς ὠδίνειν φας. |
| unknown | ×–⏑– ]ι̣ ῥ̣α̣ιδίως φέρεις τάδε. ×–⏑–× Φρ]υξὶν ἐμφανὴς ἔσει. |
| 15 | ×–⏑–×– ]ς̣ νέομ φῦσαι μεύ̣λεται δ’ οὐ σωφρ[ον – |
| unknown | ×–⏑–×– ] νεοζευ〈κτ〉οια〈θ〉έστηκεγ̣ εγω γὰρ οὐ χο[ – |
| 20 | ι̣ πρόσθεν α̣πησο̣[ . . . |
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| unknown | ἔχοντες, ἀλλὰ τῆι τύχηι κεκτημένοι. |
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| 1 | περισσόμυθος ὁ λόγος εὐγένειαν εἰ βρότειον εὐλογήσομεν. τὸ γὰρ πάλαι καὶ πρῶτον ὅτ’ ἐγενόμεθα διὰ δ’ ἔκρινεν ἁ τεκοῦσα γᾶ |
| 5 | βροτούς, ὁμοίαν χθὼν ἅπασιν ἐξεπαί‐ δευσεν ὄψιν· ἴδιον οὐδὲν ἔσχομεν, μία δὲ γονὰ τό τ’ εὐγενὲς 〈πέφυκε〉 καὶ τὸ δυσγενές, νόμωι δὲ γαῦρον αὐτὸ κραίνει χρόνος. |
| 10 | τὸ φρόνιμον εὐγένεια καὶ τὸ συνετόν, ὁ 〈δὲ〉 θεὸς δίδωσιν, οὐχ ὁ πλοῦτος (–) ⏑– |
| unknown | 41 |
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| 5 | ×–⏑–×–⏑–× ]ων νέων |
| unknown | φοι θ̣α μ̣ονας σην |
| 10 | ×–⏑–×–⏑–×–⏑ ]νυν (es fehlen vv. 18?) |
| unknown | μ̣όλς̣ [ |
| 30? | πάρεργον̣[ |
| 31? | νῦν οὖν ἐμοὶ σο̣[ |
| 32? | καὶ τοὺς λάθραι λ̣ε̣[ –⏑–×–⏑– |
| 33? | δούλης γυναικὸς [ –⏑–×–⏑– |
| 34? | μὴ νῦν ἔτ’ εἶσιν Τ[ρωϊκῶν τειχέων ἔσω; |
| 35? | ἀλλ̣ὐ̣κ, ἰώ μοι, δ[υνατόν ἐστ’ ἰδεῖν τόδε, |
| 36 | κε̣ῖ̣ν̣ο̣ν̣ μὲν ὄντα ὃς ἔστι θαυμάζειν Φρύγας, ⸏ Πριάμου δὲ νικῶνθ̣’ ὡ̣ς̣ γεραίρεσθαι δόμους. |
| unknown | ⸏ πῶς οὖν ὀ̣λ̣ει ταῦτ̣ά̣ γ̣’ ὥστ’ ἔχειν καλῶς; |
| unknown | ⸏ ο ...... ι̣δε χειρὶ δεῖ θανεῖν. |
| 40 | ⸏ οὐ μὴ̣ν ἄτρωτός γ’ ἐ̣σ̣τὶν εἰς Ἅιδου δόμους. |
| unknown | ⸏ ποῦ νῦν εἴη καλλίνικα ἔχων στέφη; |
| unknown | ⸏ πᾶν ἄστυ πληροῖ Τρωικὸν γαυρούμενος. |
| unknown | ....... ] δεῦρο, εἰς βόλον γὰρ ἂν πέσοι |
| unknown | μηπώποτ’ ἐπ]ίδηις γ’ ὅτατεῖ τῶν σῶν τέκνων. |
| 45 | ................ ἁ]μ̣μάτων ἔσω ιν σε βούλομαι τὶ δοῦλος, ἀλλ’ ὅμως π̣ι̣λ̣ι̣ δ’ ἐμοῖς |
| unknown | λ̣α̣ν̣ φόνον |
| unknown | 43 (50) |
| 58 | ι ν |
| 60 | . . . |
| 64 | τέκνα |
| 65 | . . . |
| 71 | ⸏ δούλους̣ ῥ̣[ |
| unknown | μεταβολ[ὰ νικωμ̣ .. [ σιν παρ’ ἀε̣θ̣[λ |
| 75 | ⸏ οἶκον ἐξο̣[ |
| unknown | δέσποιν’, ὁ̣[ τί δ’ ἐς πόλ̣[ιν ⸏ φύλλοις ν̣[ |
| unknown | ποῦ γ’ οἱ γ̣[ |
| 80 | Ἑκάβη φραφε̣ς̣ [ |
| 85 | ει̣λ̣λ̣τ̣ε̣ύθεροι μὲν πάν̣λοι δ’ ἂν ἤσκουν̣ [ συ̣ν̣τοι ἐκείνων ατ̣[ |
| unknown | πρν δ’ ἀπῆσαν μν̣[ |
| 90 | ⸏ ἀρῖν ἑκασ̣τ̣ ....... [ |
| unknown | απα̣η̣λ̣ουν ὑπὲρ το̣ν αὔξων οὔτ̣[ε πρὸς κέρδος βλέπων πρόθυμα ἔπρασσε δοῦλος ὢν ἀ̣π̣ο̣ν̣[⏑ – |
| 95 | ψυχῆς μαυτοῦ μὴ καταρ̣ω κεῖνον· εἰ γάρ ἐ̣[στ’ ἀνήρ ⸏ κρά̣τ̣ι̣σ̣τος, [ |
| unknown | 43 (100) |
| unknown | οὗτος μὲν ἀεί, τέκν̣[ον, –×–⏑– Δηίφοβε, καὶ τἆλλ’ οὐ θ[⏑–×–⏑– ῥέξεις δ’ ἃ λυπούμεσθα [–×–⏑– |
| 105 | κτανόντες ἄνδρα δοῦ[λον –×–⏑– |
| unknown | 44 |
| unknown | 45* |
| unknown | θέλων γενέσθαι ταῦτ’ ἐβούλευσεν πατήρ. |
| unknown | 46 |
| 1 | α̣ι̣μοτον ὃς ἐν οι̣εἴ που ἔτι ζώ̣πρὶμ μὲγ γ[ |
| 5 | νε[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 47 |
| 1 | ]ασιν ]πολιν ]νυσδε[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 48 |
| 1 | .. ]λ̣ι̣λ̣κ̣ἀκεῖνο ὅ φαάλιν μ[ |
| unknown | . . . |
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| 1 | γάμωι νιν εἰκατσ̣[ |
| unknown | . . . |
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| 1 | τ̣ου δοοτου[ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 51 |
| 1 | ]ντο[ |
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| 1 | λ̣υ̣ιυδειν αὐτεσ̣[ |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 53 |
| 1 | ]νοις |
| unknown | . . . |
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| 1 | ]ηματα ] |
| unknown | . . . |
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| 1 | ]ο̣ικηυνδσανλιπαρ̣[ |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 56 |
| 1 | ] .. εισο̣σορω̣υε̣[ |
| 5 | . . . |
| unknown | 57 |
| 1 | ] . τριν ν σ [ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 58 |
| 1 | χονα̣ι̣φρον̣ ς ἄλλο |
| 5 | λ̣αι νασιν ι̣ |
| unknown | . . . |
| unknown | 60 |
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| 5 | φίλος ὢν ἐμὸς λεγέσθω. τί μάταν βροτοὶ δὲ πολλ π ⸥ έπασθε, πλούτωι δὲ δοκεῖτ’ ἀρετὰν ⸤ κατε ⸥ ργάσεσθαι. τί δ’ εἴ τιν’ Αἴτνας πάγον |
| 10 | Π̣ί̣αν τε πέτραν χρυσήλατον ἐν θαλάμοις ἔχοιτε πασάμενοι πατρώ̣οις, οὔτοι τ γε μὴ πεφυ[κός . . . |
| 14 | ἐν ἐσθλοῖς δὲ καθήσεσθ’ ἄνολβοι |
| unknown | 64 |
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| unknown | 68 |