Basil of Ancyra was a 4th-century physician and Christian bishop of Ancyra. He was a prominent leader of the Homoiousian theological party, which argued the Son was "of like substance" with the Father, seeking a middle path between Nicene orthodoxy and Arianism. He played a key role at the Council of Ancyra in 358 CE, which opposed radical Anomoean Arianism, and faced periods of exile for his theological stance before his death around 364 CE.

While noted as a physician by contemporary historians, details of his medical practice are not elaborated in major sources. His only extant work is the treatise On Virginity, a text on Christian asceticism.

Basil was a significant figure in the mid-4th-century Christological controversies. His leadership of the Homoiousians represented a major attempt at doctrinal compromise, and the Council of Ancyra importantly shaped imperial religious policy. His treatise On Virginity remains a valuable source for understanding early Christian ascetic thought.