eul_wid: eni-ab
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20335421 PDFMarkdown

Fragments on Music and Aretē by Damon of Athens

The Fragments on Music and aretē is a modern compilation that reconstructs the theories of Damon of Athens, a fifth-century BCE music theorist and sophist closely associated with the statesman Pericles. As no complete treatise by Damon survives, this reconstruction is assembled from quotations and discussions found in later authors, including Plato, Cicero, and Philodemus. The collected fragments argue Damon's central doctrine, known as the ethos theory of music, which posits that specific musical rhythms and harmonies possess an inherent ethical character capable of directly shaping the human psychē. He contended that exposure to particular musical modes could instill civic virtues such as courage, moderation, and even justice, thereby making music a potent instrument for moral education and political order within the Athenian city-state.

A significant figure within the Sophistic movement, Damon applied systematic, almost scientific analysis to cultural forms. His theories were designed for legislators and educators seeking to mold ideal citizens, proposing that the state could cultivate aretē through the deliberate regulation of musical practice. Damon's ideas proved profoundly influential, providing the direct philosophical foundation for the extensive musical theories developed by Plato in his Republic and Laws, and later by Aristotle. Through this lineage, Damon established a foundational and enduring link between aesthetics and ethics in Western philosophical thought.

Φιλόδημος πολλοὶ δʼ ἔτι νομίζουσι προσήκειν αὐτῆς μεταλαμβάνειν τοὺς χαρίεντας καὶ μετειληφέναι καὶ Δάμων εἰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς τοὺς ἀληθινοὺς ἀρεοπαγίτας ἔλεγε καὶ μὴ τοὺς πλαττομένους, ἐφενάκιζεν ἀτηρῶς.

Φιλόδημος οἱ παίζοντες ... τὴν ἄσωτον κατὰ Δάμωνα παιγνιάν.

καὶ τὴν ἕξιν ποιήσειν ἁρμονικωτάτην καὶ

ῥυθμικωτάτην, ἐπιζητήσαντος δέ τινος, πότερον εἰς πάσας τὰς ἀρετὰς ἢ τινὰς ἡ

μουσικὴ προάγει, Δάμωνα

πάλιν φησὶν τὸν μουσικὸν εἰς πάσας σχεδὸν οἴεσθαι· λέγειν γὰρ αὐτόν, προσήκειν ἄιδοντα καὶ κιθαρίζοντα τὸν παῖδα μὴ μόνον ἀνδρείαν ἐμφαίνεσθαι καὶ σωφροσύνην, ἀλλὰ καὶ δικαιοσύνην.

Ψευδοπλούταρχος ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὴν ἐπανειμένην Λυδιστί, εἴπερ ἐναντία τῆι Μιξολυδιστί, παραπλησίαν οὖσαν τῆι Ἰάδι, ὑπὸ Δάμωνος εὑρῆσθαί φασι τοῦ Ἀθηναίου.

Ἀθήναιος οὐ κακῶς δʼ ἔλεγον οἱ περὶ Δάμωνα τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ὅτι καὶ τὰς ὠιδὰς καὶ τὰς ὀρχήσεις ἀνάγκη γίνεσθαι κινουμένης πως τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ αἱ μὲν ἐλευθέριοι καὶ καλαὶ ποιοῦσι τοιαύτας, αἱ δʼ ἐναντίαι τὰς ἐναντίας.

Ἀριστείδης Κοϊντιλιανός ὅτι γὰρ διʼ ὁμοιότητος οἱ φθόγγοι συνεχοῦς μελωιδίας πλάττουσί τε οὐκ ὂν ἦθος ἔν τε παισὶ καὶ τοῖς ἤδη προβεβηκόσι καὶ ἐνδομυχοῦν ἐξάγουσιν, ἐδήλουν καὶ οἱ περὶ Δάμωνα· ἐν γοῦν ταῖς ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ παραδεδομέναις ἁρμονίαις τῶν φερομένων φθόγγων ὁτὲ μὲν τοὺς θήλεις ὁτὲ δὲ τοὺς ἄρρενας ἔστιν εὑρεῖν ἤτοι πλεονάζοντας ἢ ἐπʼ ἔλαττον ἢ οὐδʼ ὅλως παρειλημμένους, δῆλον ὡς κατὰ τὸ ἦθος ψυχῆς ἑκάστης καὶ ἁρμονίας χρησιμευούσης.

Πλάτων καὶ γάρ μοι δοκεῖς οὐδὲ ἠισθῆσθαι, ὅτι ταύτην τὴν σοφίαν παρὰ Δάμωνος τοῦ ἡμετέρου ἑταίρου παρείληφεν, ὁ δὲ Δάμων τῶι Προδίκωι πολλὰ πλησιάζει, ὃς δὴ δοκεῖ τῶν σοφιστῶν κάλλιστα τὰ τοιαῦτα ὀνόματα διαιρεῖν.

Πλάτων ὅτι μὲν γὰρ τρίʼ ἄττα ἐστὶν εἴδη, ἐξ ὧν αἱ βάσεις πλέκονται ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς φθόγγοις τέτταρα ὅθεν αἱ πᾶσαι ἁρμονίαι, τεθεαμένος ἂν εἴποιμι· ποῖα δʼ ὁποίου βίου μιμήματα, λέγειν οὐκ ἔχω. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μέν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, καὶ μετὰ Δάμωνος βουλευσόμεθα, τίνες τε ἀνελευθερίας καὶ ὕβρεως ἢ μανίας καὶ ἄλλης κακίας πρέπουσαι βάσεις, καὶ τίνας τοῖς ἐναντίοις λειπτέον ῥυθμούς. οἶμαι δέ με ἀκηκοέναι οὐ σαφῶς ἐνόπλιόν τέ τινα ὀνομάζοντος αὐτοῦ ξύνθετον καὶ δάκτυλον καὶ ἡρῶιόν γε, οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως διακοσμοῦντος καὶ ἴσον ἄνω καὶ κάτω τιθέντος, εἰς βραχύ τε καὶ μακρὸν γιγνόμενον, καί, ὡς ἐγὼ οἶμαι, ἴαμβον, καί τινʼ ἄλλον τροχαῖον ὠνόμαζε, μήκη δὲ καὶ βραχύτητας προσῆπτε. καὶ τούτων τισὶν οἶμαι τὰς ἀγωγὰς τοῦ ποδὸς αὐτὸν οὐχ ἧττον ψέγειν τε καὶ ἐπαινεῖν ἢ τοὺς ῥυθμοὺς αὐτούς, ἤτοι ξυναμφότερόν τι. οὐ γὰρ ἔχω λέγειν. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μέν, ὥσπερ εἶπον, εἰς Δάμωνα ἀναβεβλήσθω· διελέσθαι γὰρ οὐ σμικροῦ λόγου.

εἶδος γὰρ καινὸν μουσικῆς μεταβάλλειν εὐλαβητέον ὡς ἐν ὅλωι κινδυνεύοντα· οὐδαμοῦ γὰρ κινοῦνται μουσικῆς τρόποι ἄνευ πολιτικῶν νόμων τῶν μεγίστων, ὥς φησί τε Δάμων καὶ ἐγὼ πείθομαι.