Theognis of Rhodes is a poorly attested poet known only from scattered references. He is identified as a Rhodian, distinct from the more famous elegiac poet Theognis of Megara, though ancient sources sometimes conflated them. A scholion on Pindar confirms his Rhodian origin and identifies him as a composer of a paean. No further biographical details survive.

Only one specific work is attributed to him: a Paean, a choral lyric hymn. It survives in a two-line fragment preserved by the grammarian Hephaestion as a metrical example and is also cited in the Etymologicum Magnum.

Theognis of Rhodes holds minor importance, cited primarily in ancient metrical handbooks and commentaries as an example of a paean-writer. His chief historical relevance lies in illustrating the confusion between homonymous poets in antiquity. The surviving fragment contributes a small piece to the corpus of Hellenistic lyric but permits no substantial literary analysis.