Lycophron of Chalcis was a Hellenistic poet and grammarian active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. He was a scholar connected to the Library and Museum. The Byzantine encyclopedia Suda records him as a member of the Alexandrian "Pleiad" of tragic poets and reports that he died from an arrow wound. His scholarly duties at the Library included the editing of comic texts.

While the Suda attributes many plays to him, only fragments of his tragedies survive. His only complete extant work is the Alexandra, a dramatic monologue of 1,474 lines in iambic trimeter, though its authorship is disputed.

Lycophron's significance lies chiefly in the Alexandra. This notoriously difficult poem is a prophetic speech by Cassandra foretelling the fall of Troy and subsequent Greek and Roman history. Its allusions to Roman events have led many scholars to debate whether it is the work of the third-century Lycophron or a later poet of the same name, making it a crucial and contested text for the study of Hellenistic poetry and mythography.