Quintus Fabius Pictor was a Roman senator and the earliest known Roman historian. A member of the patrician Fabian family, he served during the Second Punic War. Following the Roman defeat at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, he was part of a delegation sent to consult the Oracle at Delphi.

He composed a history of Rome in Greek prose, titled Historiai or Praxeis. The work, now lost and surviving only in fragments, covered events from Rome's origins through the Second Punic War. It is considered the first prose history of Rome written by a Roman.

Fabius Pictor holds a foundational position in Roman historiography. His decision to write in Greek aimed to justify Roman actions to a Hellenistic audience, adapting Greek historiographical models for Roman self-presentation. He established an annalistic structure followed by later historians and served as a key, though often biased, source for authors such as Polybius.