Bryson of Heraclea was a Greek philosopher and sophist active in the 4th century BCE. He originated from a city named Heraclea, though it is uncertain whether this was Heraclea Pontica on the Black Sea or Heraclea Lucania in southern Italy. His education is obscure; ancient sources variously identify him as a student of the mathematician Eucleides of Megara or of the Pythagorean Archytas, and he is sometimes associated with the circle of Socrates. He was a contemporary of Aristotle.

Bryson is known for a single, influential work on the famous geometric problem of squaring the circle. The treatise itself is lost and survives only through references and critiques by later authors, most notably Aristotle. His historical importance rests primarily on this mathematical contribution. Aristotle discussed Bryson's method in his own writings, treating it as an example of a sophistical or logically flawed argument rather than a valid geometric proof. According to modern scholars, Bryson's approach involved using a series of polygons and was later seen as a precursor to the more rigorous "method of exhaustion" developed by Eudoxus.

Beyond mathematics, an ethical maxim warning against overly broad arguments is occasionally attributed to him. His fragmentary legacy places him within the diverse intellectual debates of the 4th century BCE.